Assessment of Welfare of Marine Mammal Species in Zoological Parks

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hunger, absence of prolonged thirst, comfort around resting,
thermal comfort, ease of movement, absence of injuries, absence
of disease, absence of pain induced by management procedures,
expression of social behaviour, expression of other (non-social)
behaviour, a good human-animal relationship and a positive
emotional state. Ideally there should be at least one animal-based
measure in each area, which at the present time is not the case for
all animal species. Thus besides identifying welfare measures, this
project has also identified where welfare measures are lacking so
that future research can be directed to these areas.
1 HMSO London, ISBN 0 10 850286 4
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4 Swiss Federal Act on the Protection of Animals of March 9, 1978; equivalent wordings in the legislations of Austria, Germany and Liechtenstein
5 Swiss Federal Act on the Protection of Animals of 16 December, 2005; identical wording in the Animal Welfare Act of Liechtenstein
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Short History of Animal Welfare Policy in Europe | 7